The Coldest Town on Earth

Oymyakon is situated in Russia and is the coldest town on Earth with population of 500 with average temperature minus 58. Residents of Oymyakon keep their vehicles running 24 hours day to deal with extreme cold and meat is their prime food because crops cannot grow in such an adverse weather.

History of the Day January 30

Year	Events
1948	MAHATMA GANDHI'S ASSASSINATION DAY  Mahatma Gandhi, the great freedom fighter of India, was assassinated on "January 30".
Since 1948 (Annually)	MARTYRS' DAY IN INDIA  Martyrs' Day in India is celebrated on "January 30" every year as on the same day Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in the year 1948. Since then "January 30" is celebrated as Martyrs' day to pay tribute to Mahatma Gandhi and all the Martyrs who laid their lives for the Nation.

Coulomb's Law

       Coulomb is a unit of charge (q), named after a French physicist - Charles Augustin de Coulomb. When two charged particles are placed near each other, they exert force on each other. The intensity and type of force (attractive or repulsive) depend on placement of particles & type of charge (positive or negative) on particles, respectively. This law, therefore, explains behaviour of two charges or charged particles and gives the relationship of force acting between them when they are placed under the electrostatic force field of each other. There are two statements under Coulomb's law ;

Coulomb's 1st Law

First Law of Coulomb ;  

       This law says that same kind of charges repel each other whereas opposite kind of charges attract each other i.e., positive charge creates repulsive force or push force on positive charge and negative charge also creates repulsive force or push force on negative charge whereas positive charge attracts negative charge and vice versa.

Coulomb's 2nd Law

Second Law of coulomb ;

       This law says that the intensity of force acting between two charges is directly proportional to the product of individual charges, indirectly proportional to the square of distance between them and also depends on the medium.

Let,

                F    =    Force in Newton
                q₁  =    Charge on one particle in Coulombs
                q₂  =    Charge on another particle in Coulombs

=>

       where, K is constant of proportionality or coulomb’s constant, which depends on surrounding medium.

       where, Ɛ0  is permittivity of vaccum or air whose value is 8.854 X 10 ^-12 Farad / meter.

               &, Ɛm  is the relative permittivity of the medium containing charges with respect to free space.

Hooke's Law

     Hooke's law states that stress induced in a material, when it is loaded, is directly proportional to the strain produced with in the elastic limit of the material.

          where,
                     σ is Stress, 
                     Ɛ is Strain, &
                     E is the constant of proportionality and is known as 
                     Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus.



Therefore, 

    



                ( because 
                Stress is force upon area i.e., F / A, and 
                Strain is change in length upon original length i.e., dl / l )

NFC ( Near Field Communication )

     Near Field Communication, as the name suggests is a short range communication technology, which helps in wireless data exchange between two devices having NFC technology. However, the data transmission rates are not very high but NFC establishes a faster connection between two devices as connection is made only by touching two devices or bringing them very close to each other instead of doing manual connection. It also provides a good security as data exchange is only possible if two devices are brought very near to each other. Communication is also possible between a powered NFC enabled device and an un-powered NFC chip. For example, touching ticket card to panels of automatic gates of a railway system to enter the railway station.  Now a days, most smart mobile phones are build with this technology and soon, it can be expected, that these phones will replace all such older systems which uses wireless communication between two devices because of certain advantage like faster and easier connection between two devices and high level security.

SAR or Specific Absorption Rate

What is SAR or Specific Absorption Rate ?

     SAR or Specific Absorption Rate is referred to rate of energy absorbed per unit mass of human body when it is exposed to radio frequencies. It's unit is W/kg or Watts per kilogram. Mobile phones also emit such waves of different levels of SAR value. Therefore, it is especially considered to buy a mobile handset with safe level of SAR value because during the use of mobile phone, it remains near to human head and thus human head is exposed to RF energy emitted by handset. Exposure of human bodies to RF energy may cause adverse biological effects.

What is the maximum SAR value for mobile phones as per Indian Standards ?

      It is 1.6 W/kg. Telecom Department of Government of India had revised SAR value standard for mobile phones last year. Telecom Department made it mandatory that all mobile phones with reduced SAR value of upto 1.6 kg W/kg will be allowed to manufacture or import in India w.e.f from 1st Sept., 2013. It is also directed to all manufacturers to display SAR value information on Mobile Handsets like IMEI number. However, different manufacturers provide SAR value information of mobile phones on their respective websites also. To check SAR level of your phone handset, dial *#07# from your mobile phone handset.

To reduce effect of SAR, following steps are useful ;

1. Keep mobile handset away from body during call, use ear-phones or bluetooth as much as possible.

2. When mobile signals are weak, do not use hanset because in such case mobile handset emits more powerful radiation to search signals.
3. Purchase a mobile handset having safe level of SAR value. Ask seller to make available information related to SAR of particular handset you want to buy.
4. Avoid voice calls as much as possible, do more text and prefer landline phones over mobile phones.
5. Use mobile handsets for short durations as much as possible.

History of Day January 21

Year	Events
Since 1972 (Annually)	STATEHOOD DAY IN TRIPURA, MANIPUR & MEGHALAYA  Statehood Day in three north-eastern states of India i.e., Tripura, Manipur & Meghalaya is celebrated on "January 21" as these states became full-fledged states on January 21 in 1972.

Significance of Energy Label given by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

       Many organizations of government sector around the world have been involved directly or indirectly through partnering with organizations of non-government sector, in reducing energy consumption of industrial and house-hold electrical and electronic appliance through developing standards, policies and schemes for their manufacturers. In India, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (a statutory body under Ministry of Power, Government of India) has been continuously working in assisting in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. BEE has provided an Energy Label for electrical & electronic appliance of industrial and house-hold use. Energy Label helps consumers in easily selecting more efficient appliance. Electrical and Electronic appliance are rated based on energy efficiency through number of stars ranging from 1 star to 5 stars shown on energy consumption label. More number of stars means more energy efficient device and more saving on energy units. However, choosing an appliance with more number of stars may initially cost more, but such appliance may prove to be more economical on the long run as the cost of energy units is keep on increasing rapidly and running cost is a significant amount over the period of equipment life. Choosing an appliance with 5 energy stars will leave least impact on environment, will consume least power and have least running cost than same appliance with less number of energy stars. BEE has made it mandatory for manufacturers to label some appliance, like refrigerators, air-conditioner, etc., through energy consumption label.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has also launched a similar Energy Label for Computer Laptops / Notebooks.

Such Energy efficiency Label on Computer Laptops / Notebooks will indicate the effiiency of Computer Laptops / Notebooks and gives a means of comparing more efficient and eco-friendly Computer Laptops / Notebooks.

BENEFITS OF USING ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCE ;

            Saving energy units through using more energy efficient appliance helps both individuals and nation as well.

# 1.      Although many nations are using nuclear power to fulfill their electricity needs yet major part of world's electricity consumption is produced by burning fossil fuels, which means spending more energy units will add extra amount of CO2 gas in the atmosphere. CO2 gas creates a Green House effect, thereby raising the level of global warming. We can contribute in maintaining the level of global warming by not spending extra energy units and by choosing more energy efficient devices.

# 2.      Cost of running an electrical appliance over a long period of two or three years becomes a significant amount which can be controlled by selecting more energy efficient devices as the energy units rapidly becoming costlier. So, no doubt there is a big save on money when we select more energy efficient appliances.

# 3.      In countries like India, where the supply of electricity is much less than its demand, we can help the country to grow evenly in its all parts by selecting more energy efficient devices. Because when we save energy units, then electricity distribution companies will be able to supply those saved energy units to other parts of the country where the supply of electricity is almost zero or much less than its demand thereby helping the country to grow evenly in its all parts and can become a National Hero.

Useful Links ; http://bee-india.nic.in

January 23

Year	Event & Date
1897	NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE BIRTHDAY  Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose birth anniversary comes on "January 23". He was born on "January 23" in 1987.

January 25

Year	Events
Since 2011 (Annually)	NATIONAL VOTERS' DAY IN INDIA  National Voters' Day in India is celebrated on "January 25" to encourage more young voters to take part in voting process.
1950	ESTABLISHMENT OF ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA  The Election Commission was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950.

January 26

Year	Events
Since 1950 (Annually)	REPUBLIC DAY IN INDIA  Republic Day in India is celebrated on "January 26". On this day in 1950, India adopted its own CONSTITUTION with a democratic government system.
Since 1808 (Annually)	AUSTRALIA DAY  Australia Day is celebrated as the national day in Australia on "January 26" to commemorate the celebrations of arrival of first fleet of British ships at Port Jackson (now known as Sydney Harbour).

CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)

Cascading Style Sheet is a technique that determines the presentation of web pages like layout, colour schemes, fonts, etc. Style information using certain set of formatting rules is provided in *.css file or style sheet. Using this technique, multiple web pages of a web-site having same display layout and formatting can be linked to a style sheet. Thus this technique provides easy and less time consuming way to web developers to create and change layout and/or format of multiple pages.

Client (Computer)

Client is referred to computer or software application that relies, to provide service, on another computer called Server installed in a network. Through a network, clients communicate with server and access, in common through following certain protocols, some or all of resources installed in network and on server.

January 24

Year	Events
Since 2008 Annually	NATIONAL GIRL CHILD DAY  National Girl Child Day is celebrated in India every year on "January 24" to create awareness among people against discrimination & inequalities of the society towards girl child.

January 22

Year

Events

2015

BETI BACHAO, BETI PADHAO YOJANA & SUKANYA SAMRIDHI ACCOUNT SCHEME  Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi launched the "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana" on January 22 to save girl child and to educate people about gender imbalance problem in the country. He also launched a small deposit scheme "Sukanya Samridhi Account" for girl child as part of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Scheme which will provide higher interest rate of 9.1 per cent and income tax rebate.

October 31

Year	Events
2014	RASHTRIYA EKTA DIVAS  Government had decided to celebrate "October31" as Rashtriya Ekta Divas (National Unity Day) on the occasion of 139th Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in the year 2014.

December 1

Year	Events
1988	WORLD AIDS DAY  World Aids Day is held on "December 1" every year to spread awareness amongst people across the world, to educate them about HIV, to show support for people living with HIV and to unite them in fight against HIV. In 1988, first World Day Was observed.

December 4

Year	Events
1971	NAVY DAY IN INDIA  Every year, "December 4" is observed as Navy Day in India. This day is celebrated as Navy Day to commemorate the success of Operation Trident of Indian Navy at Karachi harbour during a war against Pakistan in 1971.

January 20

Year	Events
2011	Launch of MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY service   Mobile Number Portability service started on "January 20" on full-fledged basis throughout India.

October 18

Year	Events
2011	BUDDH INTERNATIONAL CIRCUIT inaugurated  Buddh International Circuit, India's first F1 race circuit, inaugurated on "October 18". It is situated in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

September 29

Year	Events
2010	First  UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER  given RANJANA SONAWANE became first Indian to get a UID (Aadhaar Card). She is a housewife from village Tembhli in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra. Alongwith her, 9 other local residents received their UID card from Sh. Manmohan Singh & Smt. Sonia Gandhi on "September 29".

December 10

Year	Events
2014	NOBEL PEACE PRICE AWARD  given to Indian Kailash Satyarthi from India got Nobel Peace Price Award on "December 10" for his campaigns for children rights. He shared Nobel Peace Price Award for 2014 with Pakistani Education Activist Malala Yousafzai. They received their Awards from the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel committee in the presence of King Harald V of Norway.

June 15

Year	Events
Since 2006 annually	WORLD ELDER ABUSE AWARENESS DAY (WEAAD)  International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse (INPEA), which itself was founded in 1977, introduced WEAAD first on 15th June, 2006. Since then, it is being celebrated every year on the same day. The official slogan and color associated with WEAAD is "My World... Your World... Our World... Free of Elder Abuse" and "Purple" respectively.

June 5

Year	Events
1972	WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY  United Nations, with the intentions to stimulate worldwide awareness of the environment and encourage political attention and action, began World Environment Celebrations Day in 1972. Since then it is being celebrated worldwide every year on 5th day of June.

January 5

Year	Events
2015	ARVIND PANAGARIYA  became first Vice Chairman of NITI Ayog Sh. Arvind Panagariya became first Vice Chairman of newly founded NITI Ayog on "January 5". He is a free market economist and professor at Columbia University in US. He will head NITI Ayog and work under Chairman of NITI Ayog PM Sh. Narendra Modi.
2015	LAUNCH OF SCHEMES TO PROMOTE USE OF LED LIGHTINGS TO CONSERVE ELECTRICITY    Sh. Narendra Modi launched following schemes to increase use of LED lightings to help conserve electricity ; * Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme. * National Programme for LED-based Home & Street Lighting. He also dscribed LED bulb as "Prakash Path" (way to light)

January 1

Year	Events
2015	NITI AYOG  founded Government of Prime Minister of India Sh. Narendra Modi replaced Planning Commission with a new institution NITI Ayog (National Institution for Transforming India on "January 1". The Planning Commission was set up on the 15th of March, 1950 through a Cabinet Resolution.

June 9

Year	Events
2011	successful test of PRITHVI - II  The surface to surface prithvi - II (P-II) missile was successfully flight tested on June 9 at 9:00 AM from launch complex-III, ITR Chandipur, Balasore District, Orissa. The missile is a liquid fuel propelled and is capable of carrying nuclear warheads with a target range of 350 kms.

September 24

Year

Events

2014

MARS ORBITER MISSION (MOM) or MANGALYAN  India's first mission to Mars i.e., Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) placed in Martian Orbit successfully on "September 24". It was launched on November 5 in 2013 using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle named PSLV-C25 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. With this achievement India became first country to successfully reach to Mars on its first attempt. India became fourth country to reach Mars after United States of America, Europe & Russia. India also became first Asian country to reach to Mars successfully.

December 20

Year

Events

2014

CGS BARRACUDA - A WARSHIP EXPORTED FIRST TIME BY INDIA  India, first time, on "December 20" exported a Warship named "CGS Barracuda" to Mauritius. CGS Barracuda made by a defence shipbuilder PSU known as Garden Reach Ship Builders & Engineers Ltd. (GRSE) can move at maximum speed of 22 knots, measures 74.1 meters in length and weighs 1350 tonnes. Minister of States for Defence, Mr. Rao Inderjit Singh also described this day as "red-letter day" in the history of shipbuilding in India.

New Director of Aviation Research Centre

Arvind Saxena appointed as new Director of Aviation Research Centre. Unlike his predecessors, he will report to National Security Advisor (NSA) AK Doval.

New Director General of Central Reserve Police Force

PM Narendra modi appointed Prakash Mishra as new Director General of CRPF on Saturday 20-12-2014. He is 1978 IPS officer of Odisha Cadre. 

New R&AW Chief

Prime Minister appointed Rajinder Khanna as new R&AW chief on Saturday 20-12-2014. He is 1978 batch officer and will serve as R&AW chief for 2 years from 31st December. He will replace Alok Joshi.

April 20

Year

Events

2011

SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF THREE SATELLITES BY ISRO  The Indian Space Research Organization launched three new satellites using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle - C16 (PSLV-C16) from Satish Dhawan Space Center of Sriharikota, India. Names of three satellites launched on "April 20 are ; 1) Resource-SAT2 (a 1206 kg satellite made by ISRO) 2) Youth-SAT (a 95 kg satellite made by jointly ISRO & Russian Space Agency) 3) X-SAT (a 106 kg satellite made by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)

PM Sh. Narendra Modi made following appointments to NITI Ayog on January 5, 2015

The Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has made the following appointments to the NITI Aayog: 

Vice Chairman
Shri Arvind Panagariya, Economist

Full-Time Members
Shri Bibek Debroy, Economist
Dr. V.K. Saraswat, Former Secretary Defence R&D

Ex-officio members
Shri Rajnath Singh, Union Minister
Shri Arun Jaitley, Union Minister
Shri Suresh Prabhu, Union Minister
Shri Radha Mohan Singh, Union Minister

Special Invitees
Shri Nitin Gadkari, Union Minister
Shri Thawar Chand Gehlot, Union Minister
Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani, Union Minister

January 4

Year	Events
1948	INDEPENDENCE DAY IN MYANMAR  Myanmar had got Independence from Britain on "January 4".

History of the day December 24

Year	Events
Since 1986 (Annually)	NATIONAL CONSUMER RIGHTS DAY  National Consumer Rights Day is observed every year on "December 24" to protect consumer against any kind of unfair dalings.
2014	LAUNCH OF SWACHH ADS ABHIYAN  Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) launched Swachh Ads Abhiyan on "December 24"while observing National Consumer Rights Day with the purpose of combating misleading ads.

United Nations register DMRC's Project to quantify climate change benefit from metro operations in India

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has registered the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC ) as the world’s first transport sector project under the Program of Activities or PoA, which will make the DMRC the managing entity for all other metros of India for fast tracking Clean Development Mechanism registration of all upcoming rail based metro systems in India, in future. ... Read More

January 7

Year	Events
2015	Launch of  NATIONAL TOLL-FREE HELPLINE  Sh. Thaawarchand Gehlot (Hon'ble Union Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment) launched National Toll-free Helpline (1800-11-0031) on January 7 for drug de-addiction for assistant of drug addicted people. Currently it will work from Monday to Saturday between 9:30 AM to 6 PM.

Alok Joshi became new National Technical Research Organisation

Ex-chief of RAW Mr. Alok Joshi has been appointed new chairman of the National Technical Research Organisation. Joshi is a Haryana cadre IPS officer of the 1976 batch.

January 12

Year	Events
1863	SWAMI VIVEKANAND BIRTH ANNIVERSARY  Swami Vivekanand was born on "January 12" in year 1863 in a Bengali family in Calcutta, India. He was a Hindu monk and patriotic saint of India.
2015	S. K. SINHA BECAME CHIEF JUSTICE OF BANGLADESH  Surendra Kumar Sinha on "January 12" was appointed as Chief Justice of Bangladesh. He is the first Hindu to hold highest judicial post in the Muslim majority country.

GSAT 8

GSAT 8 satellite successfully launched by Ariane-5 VA-202 launch vehicle on May 21 in 2011 from Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.

May 21

Year	Events
1991	Sh. RAJEEV GANDHI'S  DEATH ANNIVERSARY  Sh. Rajeev Gandhi, ex-prime minister of India assassinated on May 21 in Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu.
Since 1991 (Annually)	ANTI-TERRORISM DAY  Anti-terrorism day is celebrated on May 21 every year. On May 21 in 1991, former prime minister of India was assassinated. Since then, this day is celebrated as Anti-terrorism day.

ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission wins Space Pioneer Award

The National Space Society has announced that its 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the Science and Engineering category has been won by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Mars Orbiter Programme Team. This award will be presented to an ISRO representative during the National Space Society’s 2015 International Space Development Conference, the 34th ISDC, to be held in Toronto, Canada, at the Hyatt Regency Toronto (downtown). The Conference will run from May 20-24, 2015.

The Mars Orbiter programme team located in Bangalore, India, is headed by Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai.

January 13

Year

Events

2015

Bhakti Sharma made world record in swimming  Indian Swimmer Bhakti Sharma made a world record by swimming 1.4 miles in 52 minutes in one degree at Antarctic Ocean. She is an open water swimmer. After beating earlier record holder Lewis Pugh of Britain and Lynne Cox of America, she became first Indian to hold this record. She also became the youngest and the first Asian girl to have achieved this success and has now conquered all the five oceans of the world.

New President of Sri Lanka

Hon'ble Mr. Maithripala Sirisena became new President of Sri Lanka. His party New Democratic Front got mandate in January's 2015 elections. After defeating Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa, he became 7th President of Sri Lanka.